Rankin And Richard Avedon Comparison

Rankin And Richard Avedon Comparison Richard Avedon and John Rankin Waddell (more commonly known as Rankin) have many similarities in their work and have also done many of the same things during their careers; this is not to say that there are no differences though. During this essay I am going to try to compare and contrast both the photographic work and the careers of two photographers. To do this I have researched both photographers, I have researched their lives and careers and also their images. I have looked at similarities and differences in the photographers work, in style, composition, elements and equipment. For my research I have used a mixture of books and the internet (using websites, online interviews, biographies and news articles) which are all secondary sources of information. A brief background of the chosen photographers Avedon was born in New York City, America in 1923. In 1942 after a short time at University Avedon dropped out to join the U.S Merchant Marine to study photography, he left in 1944 and began working as a professional photographer in a department store. Within a year Avedon had been spotted by an art director and was working as a staff photographer for Harper ¿Ã‚ ½s bazaar magazine. This was the start of a very busy and fulfilled photography career for Avedon which went on until his death in 2004 at the age of 81. Rankin was born in 1966 in Paisley, Scotland but was brought up in Hertfordshire, England. After being expelled from school Rankin tried studying Accountancy for a short while, realising this is not what he wanted to do he went on to study photography at London College of Printing. In 1991 he left college to go on and form Dazed Confused magazine with his friend Jefferson Hack. This was the beginning of Rankins career. Fashion Avedon always had an interest in Fashion and this was no surprise given that his Father owned a department store in Manhattan and he regularly had magazines such as Harpers Bazaar, Vogue and Vanity Fair delivered to their family home. Reading through magazines such as these gave Avedon the desire to try to recreate these images which were taken by photographers such as Steichen, Man Ray and Munkasci. Avedon started producing his own photos by the use of a Kodak Box Brownie camera and using his younger sister as a model. When Avedon became a professional fashion photographer, fashion models were not public celebrities, their work had no prestige, and their names were not generally known (Avedon and Hollander: 2005 : p238) This is a big difference between Avedon and Rankin. When shooting fashion it has always been common for Rankin to use famous models, this is not only due to choice but also due to a change in times. Fashion photography in the 1940s, when Avedon started out his photography career was different in many more ways than the fame or popularity of the models. Avedon created a name for himself within the industry by injecting life and colour into fashion photography that hadnt really been done before. His portraits contained smiles, laughter and action which completely went against the norm in photography for this period. This is something that obviously influenced Rankin and can still be seen in his work today. Images by both are usually very minimalist and clean looking. The first image is by Avedon and was used by Vogue for the front cover and the second is by Rankin. Portraits Avedon had always had an interest in portraiture and also a unique way of doing it. When taking portraits of people Avedon used to talk about uncomfortable subjects and asked them very probing questions. This caused reactions that gave Avedon a raw view of people that wasn ¿Ã‚ ½t very often caught by others. His style was very detectable from the subject posing in front of a plain white background and looking directly into the camera. All the pictures were very minimalistic and almost clinical looking. In 1985 he held an exhibition called American West; the exhibition consisted of 125 photos that he had taken between 1979 and 1984, he had photographed drifters, miners, cowboys and many other from the western United States. Avedon was attracted to working people and teenagers growing up in the west. This went on to be published as a book and even though it was criticised at the time from people saying it was giving a bad impression of America it is still seen today as a hugely important hallmark of 20th Century portrait photography. Most of Rankins portraits are done with the same look of plain white background and the subject looking squarely into the camera. Rankin also has a way of bring something very personal to his portraits and has a skill of really reflecting the models personality in the image but done in a different way to which Avedon did, usually by applying a quirky prop or pose. Examples of their portraits are below; the first is by Avedon and the second by Rankin. Documentary Avedons portraits from the American West exhibition are of a documentary style, the pictures are documenting the west of the United States the years of 1979 and 1981. Avedon was interested in showing the real people of this area and time, he chose to photograph workers such as oil field workers and miners in their dirty work gear. He also photographed unemployed travellers and teenagers that were growing up here. In 2008 Rankin, with Oxfam, did his own documentary photography exhibition entitled Cheka Kidogo. For this exhibition, travelling to the Democratic Republic of Congo in June 2008, Rankin took photos of people that were now living in refugee camps due to fleeing conflict in area. The exhibition was to show the reality and draw attention back to the forgotten conflict of the country. Rankin then donated all of the profits from his Rankin Live exhibition to Oxfam. Even though there arent many visual similarities between the two sets of photos, there is a big likeness in the reason behind both and what the photographers wanted to show with them. The main reason for both exhibitions is to show the reality of living in a certain place and time and then the life that this then creates for people. Both tried to capture and show the lives of their subjects through the people in their portraits. Erotica Both Avedon and Rankin have shot an Erotica collection. Even though Rankins seems to be a lot more extensive, you can still the similarities and influences from Avedons work. In the pictures below you can see that the similarities are that of composition, colour, contrast and style. On the below image you can see that Rankin has also added his own style to the picture with the way he has lit the shot and the addition of the snake. Avedons image is also very flat compared to Rankins image. The first is by Avedon, 1992, and the second by Rankin, 2007 A large amount of Rankins recent work falls into the Erotica category. He has published a book that is predominantly of this nature featuring Tuuli Shipster, who was previously his muse but is now his wife. The book is a collection of erotic images of her that he has entitled A Photographic Love Letter. Rankin has also published other books that contain more of his erotic images, probably his most famous one being called Cheeky, in 2002 he has released a book called Sofa Sexy which is slightly more adventurous and daring than his other erotica work . Colour Due to the time a lot of Avedons photos are black and white but even as time went on and colour photography became much more desirable and available, Avedon still shot much of his personal work in black and white. This doesnt mean that he never used colour though, quite the opposite, when shooting for fashion magazines during the 60s and 70s Avedon experimented a lot with colour photography. Avedons long relationship with fashion magazine Harpers Bazaar allowed him to try out color as much as or more than any experimental photographer of the period. His palette derived from trendy colors of the time, including hot pink, which helped spread the colours through the clothing and cosmetics industry.(Marien : 2006: p354) Rankin does occasionally produce black and white pictures but as a whole most of his work tends to be in quite vivid colour. Both photographers produced a lot of portraits on white backgrounds. Even though one uses mainly colour photography and the other black and white both generally produce very high contrast, high key pictures. Rankin 7 photographs that changed fashion For a BBC documentary Rankin tried to recreate what he thought were the  ¿Ã‚ ½7 photographs that changed fashion ¿Ã‚ ½. The photos were originally taken by photographers that had influenced and inspired him such as, Herb Ritts, Cecil Beaton, Guy Bourdin, David Bailey, Erwin Blumenfeld, Helmut Newton and Richard Avedon. During the program Rankin ¿Ã‚ ½s goal is to  ¿Ã‚ ½expose the ways in which fashion photography uses fantasy and beauty to communicate something about reality. ¿Ã‚ ½ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq75c) For one of the seven photographs Rankin recreated Avedon ¿Ã‚ ½s 1955  ¿Ã‚ ½Dovima With Elephants ¿Ã‚ ½ for this he used model Erin O ¿Ã‚ ½Connor. He said he chose her for her  ¿Ã‚ ½tall frame and demeanour ¿Ã‚ ½; this obviously matched that of model Dovima that Avedon had used for his image. Rankin produced the image in colour unlike Avedon ¿Ã‚ ½s original that was black and white. Even though Rankin produced a very good image I don ¿Ã‚ ½t think he managed to capture the atmosphere that Avedon did in his image. During the BBC documentary Rankin said about Avedon, Classic styling with energy and creative spirit. Daring, stylish and ambitious, his pictures reflected the optimism of 50s America and turned him into the first celebrity fashion photographer. ¿Ã‚ ½ (BBC : 2009 : The seven Photographs That Changed Fashion) Avedon 1955 Rankin 2008 Books and Magazines Both photographers have produced many books of their photography and many of Avedon ¿Ã‚ ½s have been produced after his death: Avedon:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Nothing Personal. Photographs by Richard Avedon and text by James Baldwin 1964  ¿Ã‚ ½ An Autobiography: The Photographs of Richard Avedon 1993  ¿Ã‚ ½ Evidence: 1944-1994 1994  ¿Ã‚ ½ In the American West: Richard Avedon Photographs 1979 1984 1996  ¿Ã‚ ½ The Sixties 1999  ¿Ã‚ ½ Richard Avedon Portraits 2002  ¿Ã‚ ½ Woman in the Mirror: 1945-2004 2005  ¿Ã‚ ½ Richard Avedon: Photographs 1946-2004 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Richard Avedon: The Kennedys: Portrait of a Family 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Performance 2008  ¿Ã‚ ½ Avedon Fashion 1944-2000 2009 Rankin  ¿Ã‚ ½ Snog 2000  ¿Ã‚ ½ Celebration 2000  ¿Ã‚ ½ Rankinworks 2000  ¿Ã‚ ½ Rankin Male Nudes 2001  ¿Ã‚ ½ Sofasexy turning a cheap sofa into an object of desire 2002  ¿Ã‚ ½ Breeding: a study of sexual ambiguity 2004  ¿Ã‚ ½ Visually Hungry 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Beautyfull 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Tuulitastic A Photographic Love Letter 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Heidilicious 2009  ¿Ã‚ ½ Alex Box 2009  ¿Ã‚ ½ Cheeky 2009 Both photographers were heavily involved in magazines during their careers and both predominantly about fashion, whether it be working for one or publishing their own. At the very beginning of his career Rankin, in 1991, with his friend Jefferson Hack started magazine  ¿Ã‚ ½Dazed and Confused ¿Ã‚ ½ this is still very popular and widely sold throughout the world. This was only the start for Rankin and he has gone on to produce magazines such as,  ¿Ã‚ ½RANK ¿Ã‚ ½,  ¿Ã‚ ½Another Magazine ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½Another Man ¿Ã‚ ½. Avedon was Art Director for  ¿Ã‚ ½Harper ¿Ã‚ ½s Bazaar ¿Ã‚ ½ at the beginning of his career and also worked for Vogue, Egoiste, The New Yorker and LIFE magazine.

Hr Management

I will look into the current employment legislation that organizations are faced with in regards to recruitment, (HOC) adopts, considering how I can make appropriate recommendations to improve the process as a whole as well as keeping the process compliant with the legislation. Investigate personnel requirements and undertake a Job analysis for an identified post. The importance of recruiting the right caliber of people for an organization is essential for many reasons, decreasing staff turnover, organizational costs, morale in existing workforce and the overall added value to organizational strategy and goals.Whilst I was researching which potential vacancy to use as the basis for completing this assignment, I immediately thought of a vacancy within the HER department that would be described as business critical to the HOC, the position is HER Pensions Administrator. The Requirements of the HER Pensions Administrator The post is the only resource allocated to pensions administration in the HOC, with a responsibility for compliance with legislative requirements, HEMP regulations and for compliance with the requirements of the Pensions Regulator.It is a standalone post, tit day to day responsibility for the administration of the pension agreements for over 1500 members, as well as liaising with the local Government Pension Schemes which we have inherited. They are also responsible for providing first line support to the Secretary of the Trustees, including day to day management of scofflaws, investment arrangements and liaison with the Scheme Actuary and other professional advisors. The peashooter is responsible for processing HOC Scheme joiners and leavers and is first point of contact for scheme members in relation to all ensign enquiries.They are also responsible for ensuring that all Scheme benefits (normal, retirements, Ill health retirements, death in service and other early retirements) are calculated accurately and paid in a timely manner. Taking the fin dings from the Job analysis and the information gathered by the different techniques used, I concluded that the reasons above explain why this specific post is business critical to the organization and that the post holder requires specific technical skills and experience needed to fulfill the entirety of the Job successfully.To investigate exactly what this post entails and to complete my Job analysis, I exercised a few different techniques to obtain the information required; Interview – I set up an informal interview with the post holder to capture a good background of the Jobs expectancies, who the main stakeholders/customers are and how stressful a job it is. This technique was the most helpful when putting together my Job Description and Personal Specification, as I was able to establish the main pinch points, as well as the most important requirements needed for this particular post.Observation – I thought shadowing the post holder would be way of attaining the J ob from a practical aspect. I found this to be an particularly worthwhile technique to gain more information I require for my Job analysis, you really get a feel of the day to day tasks involved, the conversation's you have with customers/stakeholder, the pressures of the Job and how this post fits in with the other departments within the organization.Diaries, Logs and Journals – This post requires an extremely organized proactive person, there are a number of ‘pinch' points that are critical to the post and low chart as an example of the type of tasks involved. (Please refer to Appendix 1). Job Description for HER Pensions Administrator and Personal Specification – Please refer to Appendix 2 For the Personal Specification I chose to use a well-known system known as ‘Rogers Seven Point Plan (1970)' as well as Hack's competencies to outline what the ideal person for the Job would be.Personal specifications have to be prepared and used carefully. In particula r, it is important to ensure that the essential or desired competencies do not lead to unlawful discrimination against potential applicants. Examine Employment legislation with regards to recruitment Evaluate current employment legislation as it affects recruitment and selection of personnel The Equality Act came into play on 1 October 2010, its main aim was to make the framework more efficient, simpler and more consistent at how employers can prevent discrimination.There have been recent changes to the act to make it much more streamlined and to strengthen the law on equality overall. The Equality Act covers the following groups of legislation * age * disability * gender reassignment * race religion or belief * sex * sexual orientation * marriage and civil partnership * pregnancy and maternity The list of groups above are now known as the ‘Protected Characteristics' I will now chose a selection of the groups above and explain how they impact the recruitment and selection in m y organization.Disability â€Å"Disability in employment terms refers to physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse affect on a person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. † (CHIP Recruitment & Selection) As the HOC is a public sector odd, we as a HER department or even on a wider scale, the organization as a whole has a duty of care to be as compliant with all forms of law and legislation. If we are found that we are not compliant we would have to answer to the Unions as well as the Government itself.It would also leave us open for grievances and tribunals that can destroy an organizations reputation as an employer. The HOC are members of the ‘Two Ticks' Positive about Disabled People Scheme, this is where a disabled person is guaranteed an interview if they meet the minimum criteria for the Job. Its main aim it to stop the recruiting managers/employers using disability as a disadvantage to potential candidates. In our p rocess we incorporate into the short- listing stage so that the recruiting managers are aware of which applicants have with a note at the bottom to advising or should I say reminding them of best practice.If they do meet the minim criteria and therefore invited to interview, we then ask the candidate if there are any reasonable adjustments we need to make to accommodate them at the interview stage so no one is disadvantaged in any way. For example, we ad a candidate who was dyslexic, met the essential criteria and invited for interview. As it was quite a high profile Job, they we required to attend an assessment day. In order to make it a fair assessment we made reasonable adjustments to give the candidate more time when reading and completing certain tasks.I do think that HOC as an employer adheres to the scheme and certainly takes it very seriously. Although, I would go a step further and suggest that we (HER) keep the copy of the highlighted form and send the recruiting manager a short-listing form without the disabled antedates highlighted (if any). That way there will be no way the recruiting manager can indirectly discriminate or think they have a duty to short-list the disabled candidates even if the criteria has not been met.Age Discrimination The Age Discrimination Act is there to protect people of all ages. When advertising as an employer we have to take age discrimination into account, we make sure we avoid words such as young and dynamic' as this may indicate that we are looking for someone of a certain age. Even the placement of an advert needs to be Justified, if oh place an advert in a publication or website that only a certain age group look at that may be seen as indirect discrimination.Therefore, when writing Job adverts for the HOC we focus on the skills attributes needed to fulfill the Job. We use the same methodology through to the selection process, at no point to we ask the candidate their age or D. O. B or direct any question or referen ce to the subject. This is to ensure that all candidates are treated fairly as possible and to give every candidate equal opportunity for being selected. Pregnancy & Maternity This protects women during pregnancy and throughout her Maternity and to any statutory Maternity leave she is entitled to.An employer is not allowed to discriminate against you if pregnant or on maternity leave, examples of this type of discrimination are; * For asking to take time off to attend ante-natal classes * because you are unable to do your Job during your pregnancy for health and safety reasons * because you asked to take maternity leave or you are on maternity leave. * By not giving you what you are entitled to whilst pregnant or on maternity leave If n employee feels they have been treated unfairly because of being pregnant or on maternity leave they could raise a grievance or submit a claim too tribunal.In the few years of being in the HER profession, this is a subject that crops up more often tha n others and can be quite a delicate matter to deal with in some instances. The HOC has gone through a number of changes in the last 5 years, and we as HER professionals need to respond to any changes with internal and external factors that affect us, but most importantly legislation. In order for us to meet the expectations of he legislation we ensure the following; * Perform a Health & Safety risk assessment as soon as we are advised of the pregnancy * KIT days (Keep in Touch Days – 10 of which you are entitled to when on maternity leave). Advise and notify the and 32 weeks half pay with SMS * Flexi-time * Job protection during a restructure whilst pregnant or on maternity leave * Informs an employee of any training and development opportunities available * Full 33 holiday entitlement as well as any bank holidays added to the maternity leave To add to the situation there has been a new developments with The Children's and implies Bill. The Bill was presented to Parliament o n 4th February this year and has been selected to be will carried forward into 2014.The bill seeks to reform legislation such as; Statutory rights to leave and pay for parent's and adopters, time off work for ante-natal care and the right to request flexible working. There are many factors that the HER team need to consider that can affect the recruitment process and how effective it is, which meaner a good planned recruitment and selection system is very important to the employment of the right people. Hr Management Case Incident 1 MOTIVATION IN THE HONG KONG POLICE FORCE Would you be interested in working as a hong kong police officer ? why or why not? I would be interested in working as a hong kong police officer because the keenness to boost the morale and motivation through appreciation and encouragement. To how many examples in this case can you apply motivation theories? Grant the commissioner of police's certificate of academic merit1 internal and external award schemes that emphasize positive reinforcement instead of punishment. 3 Grant the bravery awards. One may argue that the recipients of the honors and awards are only a fraction of all police officers. Suggest other effective ways to motivate the police officers. Although pay is not the primary factor driving job satisfaction, it is a motivator. Establish a pay structure (Internal ; External Pay Equity). – Establish Variable-pay programs (Merit-Based Pay). Pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal results . If appraisals are designed correctly, workers performing at a high level will get more pay. Case Incident 1 TOYOTA'S TEAM CULTURE Do you think Toyota has succeeded because of its team-oriented culture, or do you think it would have succeeded without it? Indeed. This is because Toyota structures its work around team.They are not used only in the production process but also at every level and in every function: Sales and marketing, finance, engineering, design and executive level. Do you think you would be comfortable working in Toyota’s culture? Why or why not? Yes, Because. Toyota’s culture seems to excel with this strategy of team orienting. Apparently, the CEO has a culture where he is not the mega star behind the scenes, but by his employees working collectively in team efforts are achieving high level of outcomes if all the levels of the organization.In response to the recession and the firm's first-ever quarterly loss, Toyota's managers accepted a 10 percent pay cut in 2009 to avoid employee layoffs. Do you think such a response is a good means of promoting camaraderie? What are the risks in such a plan? Layoffs can lead to stress and guilt for employees who stick around. That means reduced productivity and higher health care costs for the company. And cutting is expected to increase the number of layoffs in the coming year. Hr Management I will look into the current employment legislation that organizations are faced with in regards to recruitment, (HOC) adopts, considering how I can make appropriate recommendations to improve the process as a whole as well as keeping the process compliant with the legislation. Investigate personnel requirements and undertake a Job analysis for an identified post. The importance of recruiting the right caliber of people for an organization is essential for many reasons, decreasing staff turnover, organizational costs, morale in existing workforce and the overall added value to organizational strategy and goals.Whilst I was researching which potential vacancy to use as the basis for completing this assignment, I immediately thought of a vacancy within the HER department that would be described as business critical to the HOC, the position is HER Pensions Administrator. The Requirements of the HER Pensions Administrator The post is the only resource allocated to pensions administration in the HOC, with a responsibility for compliance with legislative requirements, HEMP regulations and for compliance with the requirements of the Pensions Regulator.It is a standalone post, tit day to day responsibility for the administration of the pension agreements for over 1500 members, as well as liaising with the local Government Pension Schemes which we have inherited. They are also responsible for providing first line support to the Secretary of the Trustees, including day to day management of scofflaws, investment arrangements and liaison with the Scheme Actuary and other professional advisors. The peashooter is responsible for processing HOC Scheme joiners and leavers and is first point of contact for scheme members in relation to all ensign enquiries.They are also responsible for ensuring that all Scheme benefits (normal, retirements, Ill health retirements, death in service and other early retirements) are calculated accurately and paid in a timely manner. Taking the fin dings from the Job analysis and the information gathered by the different techniques used, I concluded that the reasons above explain why this specific post is business critical to the organization and that the post holder requires specific technical skills and experience needed to fulfill the entirety of the Job successfully.To investigate exactly what this post entails and to complete my Job analysis, I exercised a few different techniques to obtain the information required; Interview – I set up an informal interview with the post holder to capture a good background of the Jobs expectancies, who the main stakeholders/customers are and how stressful a job it is. This technique was the most helpful when putting together my Job Description and Personal Specification, as I was able to establish the main pinch points, as well as the most important requirements needed for this particular post.Observation – I thought shadowing the post holder would be way of attaining the J ob from a practical aspect. I found this to be an particularly worthwhile technique to gain more information I require for my Job analysis, you really get a feel of the day to day tasks involved, the conversation's you have with customers/stakeholder, the pressures of the Job and how this post fits in with the other departments within the organization.Diaries, Logs and Journals – This post requires an extremely organized proactive person, there are a number of ‘pinch' points that are critical to the post and low chart as an example of the type of tasks involved. (Please refer to Appendix 1). Job Description for HER Pensions Administrator and Personal Specification – Please refer to Appendix 2 For the Personal Specification I chose to use a well-known system known as ‘Rogers Seven Point Plan (1970)' as well as Hack's competencies to outline what the ideal person for the Job would be.Personal specifications have to be prepared and used carefully. In particula r, it is important to ensure that the essential or desired competencies do not lead to unlawful discrimination against potential applicants. Examine Employment legislation with regards to recruitment Evaluate current employment legislation as it affects recruitment and selection of personnel The Equality Act came into play on 1 October 2010, its main aim was to make the framework more efficient, simpler and more consistent at how employers can prevent discrimination.There have been recent changes to the act to make it much more streamlined and to strengthen the law on equality overall. The Equality Act covers the following groups of legislation * age * disability * gender reassignment * race religion or belief * sex * sexual orientation * marriage and civil partnership * pregnancy and maternity The list of groups above are now known as the ‘Protected Characteristics' I will now chose a selection of the groups above and explain how they impact the recruitment and selection in m y organization.Disability â€Å"Disability in employment terms refers to physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse affect on a person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. † (CHIP Recruitment & Selection) As the HOC is a public sector odd, we as a HER department or even on a wider scale, the organization as a whole has a duty of care to be as compliant with all forms of law and legislation. If we are found that we are not compliant we would have to answer to the Unions as well as the Government itself.It would also leave us open for grievances and tribunals that can destroy an organizations reputation as an employer. The HOC are members of the ‘Two Ticks' Positive about Disabled People Scheme, this is where a disabled person is guaranteed an interview if they meet the minimum criteria for the Job. Its main aim it to stop the recruiting managers/employers using disability as a disadvantage to potential candidates. In our p rocess we incorporate into the short- listing stage so that the recruiting managers are aware of which applicants have with a note at the bottom to advising or should I say reminding them of best practice.If they do meet the minim criteria and therefore invited to interview, we then ask the candidate if there are any reasonable adjustments we need to make to accommodate them at the interview stage so no one is disadvantaged in any way. For example, we ad a candidate who was dyslexic, met the essential criteria and invited for interview. As it was quite a high profile Job, they we required to attend an assessment day. In order to make it a fair assessment we made reasonable adjustments to give the candidate more time when reading and completing certain tasks.I do think that HOC as an employer adheres to the scheme and certainly takes it very seriously. Although, I would go a step further and suggest that we (HER) keep the copy of the highlighted form and send the recruiting manager a short-listing form without the disabled antedates highlighted (if any). That way there will be no way the recruiting manager can indirectly discriminate or think they have a duty to short-list the disabled candidates even if the criteria has not been met.Age Discrimination The Age Discrimination Act is there to protect people of all ages. When advertising as an employer we have to take age discrimination into account, we make sure we avoid words such as young and dynamic' as this may indicate that we are looking for someone of a certain age. Even the placement of an advert needs to be Justified, if oh place an advert in a publication or website that only a certain age group look at that may be seen as indirect discrimination.Therefore, when writing Job adverts for the HOC we focus on the skills attributes needed to fulfill the Job. We use the same methodology through to the selection process, at no point to we ask the candidate their age or D. O. B or direct any question or referen ce to the subject. This is to ensure that all candidates are treated fairly as possible and to give every candidate equal opportunity for being selected. Pregnancy & Maternity This protects women during pregnancy and throughout her Maternity and to any statutory Maternity leave she is entitled to.An employer is not allowed to discriminate against you if pregnant or on maternity leave, examples of this type of discrimination are; * For asking to take time off to attend ante-natal classes * because you are unable to do your Job during your pregnancy for health and safety reasons * because you asked to take maternity leave or you are on maternity leave. * By not giving you what you are entitled to whilst pregnant or on maternity leave If n employee feels they have been treated unfairly because of being pregnant or on maternity leave they could raise a grievance or submit a claim too tribunal.In the few years of being in the HER profession, this is a subject that crops up more often tha n others and can be quite a delicate matter to deal with in some instances. The HOC has gone through a number of changes in the last 5 years, and we as HER professionals need to respond to any changes with internal and external factors that affect us, but most importantly legislation. In order for us to meet the expectations of he legislation we ensure the following; * Perform a Health & Safety risk assessment as soon as we are advised of the pregnancy * KIT days (Keep in Touch Days – 10 of which you are entitled to when on maternity leave). Advise and notify the and 32 weeks half pay with SMS * Flexi-time * Job protection during a restructure whilst pregnant or on maternity leave * Informs an employee of any training and development opportunities available * Full 33 holiday entitlement as well as any bank holidays added to the maternity leave To add to the situation there has been a new developments with The Children's and implies Bill. The Bill was presented to Parliament o n 4th February this year and has been selected to be will carried forward into 2014.The bill seeks to reform legislation such as; Statutory rights to leave and pay for parent's and adopters, time off work for ante-natal care and the right to request flexible working. There are many factors that the HER team need to consider that can affect the recruitment process and how effective it is, which meaner a good planned recruitment and selection system is very important to the employment of the right people.

The Age Of Criminal Responsibility - 1682 Words

Introduction The purpose of this report is to understand the age of criminal responsibility in both England and Singapore. The report will include a comparative study on both countries, whilst evaluating the impact each criminal system has on the child. The main focus will be upon the key policies and legal frameworks emplace to support the imprisonment and punishment of children and young people. The definition for the age of criminal responsibility is disputed worldwide, however according to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children criminal responsibility is defined as when a child is considered capable of committing a crime and old enough to stand trial and be convicted of a criminal offence (NSPCC, 2015). In†¦show more content†¦This was then lowered to 7 by the fifteenth century, however, re-rose to the age of 8 under orders of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Finally in 1963 the age was returned to 10. Contrastingly, a ‘juvenile’ in Singapore is defined in legislation as ‘a male or female person who is 7 years of age or above and below the age of 16 years’ (Children and Young Persons Act: section 2), although this criminality age never existed until 1933. Though numerous adjustments to the criminal system were made. Although a Report of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the UN (2008) defines that al l countries are encouraged to raise their minimum age of criminal responsibility to12 years of age, as this is seen as the absolute minimum age. Countries who currently have the recommended criminal age are urged to continue to increase it to a higher age level. Effects on child It is understood that facing the justice system at such a young age in both England and Singapore can have a long term impact on the child. In England it is recorded that approximately from 2013/14 there were 33,902 young people under the age of 17, sentenced in England and Wales (Youth Justice Board / Ministry of Justice Statistics bulletin, 2015). In Singapore this figure is considerably lower, it is understood that in 2014 there were 3,094 juveniles arrested, however the youth arrests

Effects Of Immigration Essay - 1623 Words

(Graphics not available) Immigration according to Merriam Webster dictionary is the act of entering a country in which one is not a native for permanent residence. With the exception of the American Indians, people living in America can trace their ancestry roots to a country outside of United States of America. According to Alan Allport, The United States has been a land of immigration for the past 200 years (Allport, 2005). Most of the original immigrants came from Europe especially the British Isles, the African slaves who were brought in to work the plantations and the Hispanic migrants from central and southern Americas. However, over the years, rules and regulations have been introduced to control the number of immigrants entering†¦show more content†¦Interested parties send their application electronically and if selected they are required to prove that they will not be a public charge and will contribute to Americas economic development then they are granted. It is a one-time only opportunity and hence the name lottery. Non-immigrants visa on the other hand is given to individuals who want to enter the USA on a temporary basis. The most common reasons for such temporary visits are; tourism, study and work on a temporary assignment. The visa has several restrictions. Visitors and students are not allowed to work at all. Those who are sponsored by American employers cannot work for any other employer therefore changing jobs is difficult. These visa holders are expected to return to their countries upon finishing their mission in America. If they need to apply for the immigrant visa, then they are required to do so in their country of origin. However, there are people who do not return after their papers expire and hence end up living here as illegal immigrants. The ministry of Ethnic facts reports that: Nearly 70,000 foreigners arrive in the United States every day. Most of these travelers are visitors, not settlers. More than 60,000 are tourists, business people, students, or foreign workers who are welcomed at airports and border crossings. About 2,200 daily arrivals are immigrants or refugees who have been invited to become permanent residents of the United States. Finally, about 5,000 foreigners makeShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Immigration And Immigration Act1968 Words   |  8 PagesBackground The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 also known as the McCarren-Walter Act was designed to reform immigration law and naturalization procedures, putting them under one section of the federal code. It also removed race from the equation but limited to a person skill set and family ties. The act lifted restriction for Asian immigrates; it modified the national quota from 1924. The bill was vetoed by President Truman but was passed by Senate and the house. 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We are the definition of freedom and opportunity. Why is that we as Americans feel like we have to right to deny another his or her god given rights. Many statistics indicate that the impact immigrantsRead MoreCauses and Effects of Immigration1521 Words   |  7 Pages Causes and Effects of Immigration Name : Omar Kareem ID : 20083112 Section : H Instructor: Miss. Nathalia Geha Enl 110 Outline Causes and effects of immigration Thesis: the immigration is a big social problem. People immigrate because they want to have job, to run from dangerous situation and to have better education. I_ causes of immigration A_ some people are forced to move due to a conflict or toRead MoreEffects Of Illegal Immigration1658 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration and the effect on the United States of America Illegal immigration In the United States no one wants to spend more than they have to, especially when it does not benefit them directly. So why are we? In 2011 the Federation for American Immigration Reform released a document explaining the fiscal burden of taon the taxpayers â€Å"The annual costs of illegal immigration at the federal, state, and local level is $113 billion; $29 billion at the federal level and $84 billion at theRead MoreImmigration Negative Effects1527 Words   |  7 PagesImmigration has been a very controversial topic in the United States (US) among government and citizens for a while now. Apart from racism, immigration creates tension when discussed due to the huge number of immigrants. According to the United States Census Bureau (2012), the 2010 American community survey (ACS) estimates the number of foreign born in the United States to be nearly 40million, representing about thirteen percent of the country’s total population. The Center for Immigration StudiesRead Mo reThe Effects of Illegal Immigration1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Illegal Immigration The Effects of Illegal Immigration For centuries people have come across the United States borders from foreign countries hoping for a better life, a life that is free from unruly dictators and poverty for them and their families. They wanted to live in the land of opportunity so that they can make something of themselves; this is why we have some of the major problems with illegal immigration. Arizona, California, and Texas border the United States to Mexico;Read MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The Host Economy1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of the various effects of immigration on the host economy. The consequences I will be focusing on are on employment, inflation, wage level, economic growth and the welfare system. I am also going to examine what effect the skill level of immigrants has on the economic development of the host country. Then we will concentrate on papers about the situation in particular countries. There is plenty of research available about that particularRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States751 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause they think a large number of immigrants will lead to a terrible effect on local residents. Based on this point, some countries adopted some strategies to limit migration. They reduced some benefits and increased the difficulty to immigrants. Even some governments such as Japan government refuse to people to immigrate. Even though immigrants bring some benefits, governments are still afraid of the negative impact of immigration on the following three aspects: local market, wages and social stabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Immigration On The United States847 Words   |  4 Pagesrefugee crisis, there has been an influx of anti-immigration rhetoric, most of which identifies immigrants and refugees as criminal. This has brought to light an ongoing debate: is there a crime-immigration nexus? This paper will explore data from various studies that have examined not only a negative relationship between crime rates and immigration, but also evidence of protective and generational effects of immigration. Arguing that immigration reduces crime rates rather than increases it, it will

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety - 1269 Words

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of mind, often accompanied by nervous behavior and a series of unpleasant feelings and a symptom of underlying health problems. â€Å"Anxiety is not the same as fear, which fear is a response to an immediate threat, whereas anxiety is the expectation of a future threat†. Anxiety is distinguished from fear, which is an appropriate emotional response to a perceived threat and is related to the specific behaviors of fight-or-flight responses, defensive behavior or escape. These behaviors occur in situations only perceived as uncontrollable or unavoidable. The behavior shown by someone who is suffering from anxiety goes into different categories (Barry 146). There are various types of anxiety and the top four would have to be mild, moderate, severe and panic. These â€Å"levels of anxiety† vary on the person and their situation. People with mild anxiety are unlikely to think they have anxiety at all (Barry 217). Mild cases tend to be more â€Å"Aware, alerted, sees, hears, and grasps more than before† (Barry 220). Mild anxiety is manageable without any additional approaches. Mild anxiety tends to have irritating symptoms that the individual cannot control in certain situations that they are held in, but otherwise it does not control them. Social anxiety is commonly under the category of mild anxiety. This anxiety is rarely considered a significant disorder, however, many people suffer from social anxiety. Anxiety during socialShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1008 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Anxiety, depression, and medications†¦ These are all things we need to take into consideration when thinking about everyday life. Anxiety has become a generalized factor of life and many people suffer from it everyday. Yes, everyone knows what it s like to feel anxious but not like those with anxiety. Different types of anxiety have different types symptoms and causes. Even though every anxiety is different they are all controlled by one thing--you. Anxiety comes in many forms you haveRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1319 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety When asked to do a report on a health related subject I didn’t have to wonder. There was no concern on what subject I would pick. It is plain and simple. I would write on panic disorder. PTSD, or generalized anxiety. This would give me a stage to set some clarity to what is seen as just a group of people who are not as mentally tough as other people. Ever get nervous before a big test? Feel stressed and anxious about a situation. In a state of constant worry. Great because that isRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety926 Words   |  4 PagesPsychological disorder on anxiety. Anxiety is a universal human experience and is a human emotion. It can be defined as a feeling of apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or dread resulting from a real or perceived threat. Anxiety is a vague sense of dread related to an unspecified or unknown danger. Most people’s anxiety is caused by fear. Fear is a reaction to a specific danger and can cause anxiety in a person. Anxiety affects everyone at a deeper level. It invades the central core of the personalityRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety2556 Words   |  11 PagesAnxiety is not disease but a symptom; it is a bodily response to protect itself from an appearing threat. The threat may or may not be logical but due to adaptation it works as a protective mechanism to prevent fr om being in danger. As this response was once conditioned into the system, there are also ways to un-condition our responses. Anxiety levels have never been higher in university students than they are today. Some manage on their own to cope with the tension, obsessive thoughts and sleeplessRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety1491 Words   |  6 Pages Anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems there are. 1 in 4 adults will have an anxiety disorder in their lifetime, and 1 in 10 people will have an anxiety disorder each year. However, most of the people that suffer from anxiety don’t receive proper treatment for it. Anxiety is sometimes ignored as something normal, even when it is serious. This is one of the reasons why a person would have an anxiety disorder for a long period of time. A multitude of people are uninformed of theRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety876 Words   |  4 PagesNormal and Abnormal Anxiety Anxiety is a reaction to things that stress you. It is normal to have some anxiety at work, school, or home. It is when anxiety becomes a daily occurrence with no known cause that it is categorized as a disorder. Anxiety, panic, and depression often begin with normal stress that gets out of control. Hectic lifestyles lead to poor eating habits, less restful sleep, deficiencies in vitamins and minerals the body needs, and higher levels of stress. You don’t have to workRead MoreAnxiety : Symptoms And Symptoms1199 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Content Page: Everyone has daily worries, such as money, friendships, or family problems. Do you, or does someone you love, experience extreme worry about these things and more, even when there’s no reason to be so worried? People with Anxiety are very anxious about just getting through each day, and generally think things will always go badly. This excess worrying prevents these people from doing everyday tasks. These are common signs and symptoms of people suffering from anxiety. Does itRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety9666 Words   |  39 Pagesyou are constantly out of control and will never get rid of your anxiety. These thoughts may momentarily flash through your mind, bringing with them feelings of fear. The more you think about these feelings, the more fear seems to come as a result. Your nervous system may become disturbed and your stomach may also feel the effects of these negative thoughts. Your general physical health can suffer greatly as a result of anxiety. Anxiety is a vicious cycle; the more you dwell on the negative thoughtsRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1295 Words   |  6 PagesAnxiety Disorder Many people experience anxiety and nervousness from time to time, typically about a near event, something with an uncertain outcome, problem at work, or making an important decision. It is a normal human emotion and a normal part of life, however, anxiety disorders are not and they are very different. Anxiety disorders are psychiatric disorders which are very serious mental illness. People with anxiety disorders experience overwhelming and constant worry and fear. It often don’tRead MoreAnxiety And Symptoms Of Anxiety894 Words   |  4 Pages Anxiety is a common fundamental emotion shared by most species in some way. It is a normal reaction or response to certain situations that may be alarming and cause distress. When confronted in stressful, dangerous, or new situations, certain physical symptoms such as heart beating faster, the feeling of tension, dizziness, shortness of breaths, and poor sleeping habits start to arise. In this case study, twenty-two year old Delores stil l lives at home with her mother and father because she is facing

Abortion Outline 3 Free Essays

Why choose Pro-Life over Pro-Choice Thesis: Although convenient, abortions are cruel, and inhumane alternatives to pregnancy. I. What is abortion? A. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion Outline 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy, either by choice, or for medical reasons. B. There are two possible ways to terminate a pregnancy (pill and in-clinic. ) C. There are also two kinds of abortion. Therapeutic abortion, which the baby is aborted for the safety of the mother, and elective abortion, in which the abortion is performed due to a choice that the mother has made for an unborn child. II. What is life? A. Most people who feel strongly of abortion and religion believe that life is created upon conception. (egg + sperm) B. Viability is when the fetus is 18 weeks old, and can live outside the womb. The fetus can still be aborted at 18 weeks, but if it were outside the womb, it would have the legal rights of a person. C. At three weeks old the fetus’ heart begins to pump blood to the body. III. Why is abortion chosen over adoption, or keeping the child? A. Some women feel its incontinent. B. Rape or incest only accounts for less than 2 percent of abortions. C. Since its not mandatory, some women don’t know the alternatives. IV. How is an abortion performed? A. There are 2 ways it can be performed. B. Aspiration abortion is the most common method of abortion. C. The average time for an abortion to be performed is 10-20 minutes. V. What are the legal attributions in an abortion? A. Abortions are 100% confidential (unless the patient is under 18. ) B. Obama’s executive order won’t protect the unborn. C. Since 1973 it has been the responsibility of 7 non-elected judges on the Supreme Court to make decisions on abortions for our nation. VI. Will the mother suffer any complications? A. Post traumatic stress disorder is very common among mothers. B. Many mothers suffer complications if they become pregnant after their abortion. C. 47% of women who have one abortion will have another. VII. Should abortion be illegal or just frowned upon? A. 53% of Americans believe that abortion should be legal in some circumstances. B. 22% believe that it should be illegal in all situations. C. Banning abortion, would make it a violation of human rights to some. VIII. Does ethnicity affect abortion statistics? A. African American women are almost 5 times as likely to have an abortion than a white woman is. B. The two main ethnicities that have abortions are Caucasian and African American. C. Most Mexican Americans are Catholic, and Catholics only contribute to 27% of abortions. IX. Abortions aren’t always performed in a safe environment. A. Unsafe abortions kill upwards of 70,000 women each year. B. Africa has the worlds highest maternal mortality (100x more than developed countries. ) C. In Latin America 21% of maternal deaths are associated with unsafe abortion. X. Unborn babies have characteristics of humans outside the womb. A. By 20 weeks fetuses have pain receptors. B. At 4 weeks fetuses can hear C. At 5 weeks the fetus is just a sac of DNA. XI. Abortion is not globally accepted A. Abortion in Eastern Europe is higher than any other developed country. B. In Russia where abortion is legal 19/1,000 women have abortions. C. Whereas in Poland where abortion is illegal and highly frowned upon, not 1 % of the population has abortions. XII. Differences between pro-life and pro-choice. A. Pro-life tends to be more of a republican base and believe that everyone has a right to life. B. Pro-choice are more of a Democrat base and believe that a woman has the right to be in control over her body. C. Most people don’t know the extent of abortions, and their specific procedures. How to cite Abortion Outline 3, Papers

This Study Deals With Explaining the Concept of Modern Technology

Question: Please Explaining the Concept of Modern Technology ? Answer: Introduction This study deals with explaining the concept of Modern technology such as accounting software used in accounting process. In this particular assignment, emphasis has been given on understanding modern advances in accounting technology as well as service based accounting and modern accounting technology (Wilkin and Chenhall 2012). Accounting Information System consists of attributes such as People, data, procedures as well as software information technology. In the first part, project context is explained by analysing the career option opted by Accounting students studying in University. As the student is studying in Professional accounting, it is important for the student to understand the future career progression in accounting profession (Smith and Smith 2013). This part explains the future career option for accounting students and prospects. It has been explained that Accounting Profession has huge opportunities for the accountants who has enough knowledge regarding accounting asp ects, issues in contemporary organization. In the second part, Research Proposal discusses on the issues governing in Accounting Information Systems and role-played in accounting profession. Therefore, it explains the aims, objectives and research questions for understanding the attributes of current Accounting Information System (Van der Veeken et al. 2012). Project Context This particular part explains the project context as the topic is based on Modern Technology and the Student studies Professional Accounting in their course in the University (Romney et al. 2015). In that case, it is important to understand the fact behind selecting Accounting as future career profession. It becomes difficult in selecting future career option while studying in a particular University and students mostly gets confused and need Expert opinion or family opinion. This study will focus majorly on selecting accounting profession as future career option because accounting is the best direction leading towards flourishing business career. This is since accounting is one of the languages used as basic tool of business (Romney et al. 2013). There has been dramatic change in accounting field that has been noticed in such explosive trends like computer revolution, globalization of business, restructuring of corporations, increase government regulations as well as on-going downsizing and frequent tax law changes (Van der Veeken et al. 2012). In this recent complex as well as competitive business environment, it has been found accounting skill are much in command and accounting treated as active career profession for future (Nicolaou 2013). There has been increased demand for accountants with growing and outstripping supply. In recent business environment, Job opportunities are far promising for the accountants. On the contrary, opportunities are even good for women population. On analysis, it has been found that women have done well in accounting profession. Statistics reveals that numeral of women entering into accounting occupation has almost doubled in the last decade (Van der Veeken et al. 2012). After it is decided to select accounting as career option, it is now important to choose which career path to pursue (Moscove et al. 2014). There are varied job opportunities that remain open for accountants and categorized under three broad categories namely, Public Accounting as well as administration and not for profit secretarial. Public Accounting- It is significant to consider the information that Public Accounting firms aims at providing auditing, accounting as well as tax and consulting services to business and individuals (Hall 2012). These are the firm depending upon size starting from single practictisioner to large International firms in and around the world. Accountants working in the accounting firms gains lot of experience and exposure in the field of accounting concepts Government and Not for Profit Accounting- The main aim of the secretarial department in a given characteristic government agency is functioning within budgetary constraint as mandated by the government (Grabski et al. 2013). This means Government accountants are responsible for monitoring the fraud of funds as well as donation of contract to confidential agencies after following government regulations in the most appropriate way. Governmental as well as not for profit Organizations aims at specializing in accounting as well as reporting practices and this mainly offers differing from profit-oriented enterprises (Gordon and Narayanan 2015). In other words, Accountants working in an organization requires to remain recognizable with the peculiarities of not for profit accounting. As far as Independent Auditors are concerned, they should be well-informed in given specific auditing standards as applied in not for profit organization (Van der Veeken et al. 2012). At the end of the part, it is understood that Accounting Profession has wide opportunities for accountants who has keen interest and knowledge in accounting field. In other words, the above analysis explains the field of accounting that help accountants in continuing with the accounting profession in the near future (Gordon and Miller 2014). Therefore, Professional Accountants has the opportunities in taking financial decisions for any business organization. Project Proposal Title of the Project Proposal Problems and Internal Control Issues in Accounting Information Systems from view point of Australian Certified Public Accountants Problem Identification The concept of Accounting Information Systems is well established as well as indulges in numerous commercial package and tailor made systems (Gelinas et al. 2015). Nevertheless, the recent business world is beset by accounting system that varies at high level of efficiency as well as requires excessive cost for gaining accounting information. Most of the problem that arises from Accounting Information Systems is lack of comprehensive planning (Van der Veeken et al. 2012). Background and definition of issue or problem In the recent world, there occurs fusion between accounting as well as Information Technology fields in providing essential resources for business in accounting field. In other words, it considers integration between accounting fields (Driver and Mock 2013). This research proposal will look into the problems as well as issues of Accounting Information Systems pointed out by Australian Accountants. Accounting Information is majorly concerned with having essential resources of all organization like essence of competitive business. Concept of Accounting Information Systems changes frequently with changed levels concerning with efficiency as well as high costs affecting business world (Cushing 2015). Various problems arise from fusion of accounting as well as Information Technology. Mechanized systems are at steady risk because of hackers, viruses as well as loss of information and power failures. Other identified issue is high cost of Accounting Information Expert Systems (Choe 2014). These types of system needs to be updated and in those case staff members needs special preparation courses for effectual use of scheme. Aim and objectives The major aim of the research proposal is proposing a coherent conceptual framework for bringing improvement in overall Accounting Information Systems environment. The main objective requires recommending directions especially for achieving conceptual model (Choe 2015). Research Questions What are the issues identified in Accounting Information System? What are the measures for reducing the issues identified regarding Accounting Information Systems? From the perspective of Australian Certified Public Accountants, identify the potential cause and internal control issues regarding AIS in present accounting field. What is the role of Accounting Information System in present comprehensive and competitive business environment? Preliminary critical literature review As rightly, put forward by Bocholt (2012), most Accounting Information Systems problems results leading to lack of constructive planning on refreshing information systems. It requires vast progress for achieving information technologies field as well as software and sophisticated system. It aligns with design and developmental aspects of employment of quantitative models after identifying informational needs with proper laws and regulations (Bushman et al. 2014). On the other hand, internal control defines the process as management for providing reasonable assurance for achieving effective as well as efficient operations (Smith and Smith 2013). It takes into consideration reliable financial reporting as well as compliance with proper laws as well as regulations. According to Choe (2015), Data Integrity considers as an important part of internal control structure aligning with respect to monetary statement auditing used for external reporting. One of the main objectives in this business world is developing as well as maintain aggressive benefit and precise monetary reporting (Smith and Smith 2013). Other major concepts take into consideration cost, speed of delivery as well as quality and product leadership. As opined by Bocholt (2012), Internal control act as a useful tool for achieving as well as extending ways for attaining goals. On the contrary, Operations as well as Upper Management requires evaluating information on sales quantities as well as customers and product type. Some of the information includes production costs by department as well as product and accounts receivables. Therefore, lasting success of a Business Corporation depends majorly on good as well as lively controls for providing information used for interior executive aligning with company objectives (Van der Veeken et al. 2012). As rightly put forward by Choe (2015), Accounting systems mainly contains confidential information that needs to be kept safe as well as secure. The major consequences of unauthorized access are mostly devastating in nature starting from identification of theft problems to loss of unique data. In case when secretarial data is changed or deleted in a way for creating havoc in accounting department (Wilkin and Chenhall 2012). Physical Security- It is vital to consider the information that small business owners should find ways in safeguarding its computer systems with losses and theft. It requires keeping systems as well as servers in a safe place that is not uncovered to elements. It is essential keeping accounting equipments inside offices after limiting the unauthorized access (Smith and Smith 2013). Authentication- It is essential that all systems have login Ids and passwords authenticated by users. Passwords should not be shared with anyone and changed on periodic times (Van der Veeken et al. 2012) Therefore, authentication process enables in giving rights to users but all users fails in gaining information (Wilkin and Chenhall 2012). Virus Protection- It is known that computers are subject to virus as well as malware affecting the operational aspects. Some of the viruses allow system intrusion when a hacker get inside the system as well as create problems (Smith and Smith 2013). Some viruses even disrupt a system that can either replaced or wiped out completely. Fixing this issues are expensive and this reason why it is better to take defensive measures for protecting the upfront. Sources of information Researchers had gathered information by using secondary sources such as academic journal articles, books and authentic websites for reference purpose (Wilkin and Chenhall 2012). These sources of information have been taken from Australian websites for understanding the viewpoint of Australian Certified Public Accountants. Entire research proposal focus mainly on identifying the key issues pertaining to Accounting Information Systems Reference List Boockholdt, J. L. (2012). Accounting information systems: transaction processing and controls. McGraw-Hill Professional. Bushman, R., Chen, Q., Engel, E., and Smith, A. (2014). Financial accounting information, organizational complexity and corporate governance systems. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 37(2), pp.167-201. Choe, J. M. (2014). The effects of user participation on the design of accounting information systems. Information Management, 34(3), pp.185-198. Choe, J. M. (2015). The relationships among performance of accounting information systems, influence factors, and evolution level of information systems. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(4), pp.215-239. Cushing, B. E. (2015). Accounting information systems and business organizations. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.. Driver, M. J., and Mock, T. J. (2013). Human information processing, decision style theory, and accounting information systems. The Accounting Review, 50(3), pp.490-508. Gelinas, U. J., Dull, R. B., and Wheeler, P. (2015). Accounting information systems. Cengage learning. Gordon, L. A., and Miller, D. (2014). A contingency framework for the design of accounting information systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 1(1), pp.59-69. Gordon, L. A., and Narayanan, V. K. (2015). Management accounting systems, perceived environmental uncertainty and organization structure: an empirical investigation. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 9(1), pp.33-47. Grabski, S. V., Leech, S. A., and Schmidt, P. J. (2013). A review of ERP research: A future agenda for accounting information systems. Journal of information systems, 25(1), pp.37-78. Hall, J. A. (2012). Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Moscove, S. A., Simkin, M. G., and Bagranoff, N. A. (2014). Core concepts of accounting information systems. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Nicolaou, A. I. (2013). A contingency model of perceived effectiveness in accounting information systems: Organizational coordination and control effects. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 1(2), pp.91-105. Romney, M. B., Cushing, B. E., and Steinbart, P. J. (2013). Accounting information systems. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.. Romney, M. B., Steinbart, P. J., Zhang, R., and Xu, G. (2015). Accounting information systems. Pearson Education. Smith, L. M., and Smith, K. T. (2013). Accounting information systems. Thomson Learning Custom Publishing. Van der Veeken, H. J., and Wouters, M. J. (2012). Using accounting information systems by operations managers in a project company. Management Accounting Research, 13(3), pp.345-370. Wilkin, C. L., and Chenhall, R. H. (2012). A review of IT governance: A taxonomy to inform accounting information systems. Journal of Information Systems, 24(2), pp.107-146.