The Strong Persuasive Essay Topics Stories

<h1> The Strong Persuasive Essay Topics Stories</h1> <p>There are only a couple of things that characterize whether a paper you're chipping away at will be a decent one. Despite the fact that being able to compose influentially can appear as though an extreme thing for kids to learn, advise them that everybody has legitimate conclusions. Understand that article points are simply essential thoughts that leave you contemplating an idea that may be a gigantic arrangement to someone else. Before understudies start to compose, it is an incredible thought for them to win a rundown of the focuses they might want to make to their perusers. </p> <h2>The Chronicles of Strong Persuasive Essay Topics </h2> <p>Most issues can have papers on all the previously mentioned questions. The numerous points could be found, for example, in the thesis abstracts universal database. 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You may confide in us to offer master help for a significant number of your scholarly composing needs. Understudies frequently worry about attempting to discover utile enticing exposition tips and scanning for thoughts because of the way that they feel it's a tough activity, however the mystery is to comprehend the quintessence and create a suitable framework first by making arrangements for it accurately. </p> <h2>Strong Persuasive Essay Topics Ideas </h2> <p>To pick which subject you're probably going to examine, it's critical to see the total assortment of good convincing discourse themes from the particular zone of study. Do n't hesitate to pick a point you will get a kick out of expounding on and not only one which you think will satisfy your educator. You could be parted with the point straight by your teacher, or you may be allowed to decide on the theme yourself. 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Research Paper Topics on Developmental Disability

Research Paper Topics on Developmental DisabilityResearch papers are a complex part of any academic endeavor. Even if a researcher is well prepared, any error can leave the papers in a poor light. There are five major categories of error when it comes to research papers: statistical errors, conceptual errors, duplication errors, information gaps and authoring errors. If one finds a single mistake in any of these five categories, then it might be time to throw the entire project away.Statistical errors are one of the most common errors made by researchers working on developmental disability. A researcher may find an error in her calculations of a different variable, such as the estimated number of children with autism who attend preschool. Or, the researcher may make an incorrect assumption about what the best way to calculate the numbers should be. But perhaps the worst statistical error that can be made is to make an error when computing an indirect statistic.Conceptual errors occur when the researcher attempts to apply a theory to a new situation where it simply does not apply. In other words, the research paper topics on developmental disability are nothing more than the common mistakes that will make if one fails to pay attention to the basics. The study of developmental disabilities requires a certain amount of background knowledge because of the wide range of disorders that exist.Duplication errors occur when the researcher uses the same sources or ideas to reach conclusions about developmental disability in another condition or disorders. These common mistakes may cause problems when analyzing results because there may be too many similarities. This makes the researcher dependent on too many sources and complicates the task of comparing the findings.Information gaps occur when the researcher does not obtain the information that he or she needs to make an accurate evaluation of developmental disability. However, information gaps do not necessarily mean th at the researcher has made an error. The research paper topics on developmental disability should have an editor looking over all data bases to ensure that all information is correct and accurate.Authoring errors occur when the researcher writes his or her paper without fully understanding the issues or methods being used to evaluate developmental disability. The purpose of the research paper topics on developmental disability is to demonstrate or prove theories. It would be quite negligent to publish a paper with erroneous research.If you are working on a research paper on developmental disability, you must make sure that you are using the best possible method for measuring a condition. There are many different types of measurement scales that can be used. One must ensure that their research can be translated into measurements that can be used to provide the necessary information.The above-mentioned research paper topics on developmental disability require that the writer follow a rigid format and adhere to a certain standard of research. But without following these rules, the research paper topics on developmental disability can easily become useless. So, it is vital that all research papers are written properly.

Common App Essay Topics - A Few Tips On How To Choose

Common App Essay Topics - A Few Tips On How To ChooseDo you know that there are plenty of Common App Essay Topics? They are the most commonly used courses in the University of the U.S.A. and other institutions all over the world. In this way, you can choose any of the topics that would suit your personality.These subjects are very interesting topics and they are widely used. If you wish to take up a subject for any given time, you can choose any of these topics. When you chose such a topic, then you need to choose the topic to study for a few weeks or months. All the students who wish to enter into the college to pursue a program of their choice will find that studying for such subjects is much fun.You need to make sure that you take up such subjects that are most relevant to your own matter of interest. For example, if you wish to do an Honors in Music, then you need to have first studied the subjects related to the piano and violin.The subject you choose may be the most exciting su bject in the entire course. When it comes to choosing a subject, it is a bit of a case. When it comes to selection of subjects, make sure that you do not make it too boring for you.It is a good idea to research thoroughly before you take up any particular subject for your study. It is also a good idea to consult the faculty before you apply for the course.There are many subjects in the Common App Essay courses. You can also check with your friend or colleague who is a sports enthusiast. When you choose any subject from the course, you need to make sure that you select the one that is most related to the major area of interest that you wish to focus on.The most important thing that you should take care about is that you always maintain discipline. Discipline is not the word you will use when you are facing a problem. Your discipline has to be disciplined.

Sociological Theories About The Modern Family Free Essays

â€Å"The family is the most important institution in society. † This statement is repeated in almost every sociology text in some form or another. However, current trends suggest that there may be some inaccuracies in this claim. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories About The Modern Family or any similar topic only for you Order Now Family is indeed important and necessary. It can even be defined as very important, but its relationship to the term institutional may be problematic. The conflict is inherent in the definition of family based of the functionalists and the conflict theorists. Functionalist Theory This conservative, macro-level perspective emphasizes the role of family as a social institution that contributes to social stability. Carroll (2012) explains that the violence and terror of the French Revolution and the mass violence resulting from the desperate circumstances of the workers during the Industrial Revolution led to fears of the consequences of a crumbling social order. Out of this fear grew conservative intellectual writings that examined social bonds, rules, and socialization practices that enable society to maintain a sense of stability that benefits all members of society. Functional theorists warn of dire consequences if a strong society and effective socialization practices are not maintained. Carroll explains that Émile Durkheim, the French scholar who first presented this theory, suggested that society had a moral authority to â€Å"limit individual aspirations† in order to maintain norms and values and to limit social change in order to prevent social upheaval. Within this theory, family is seen as the institution that is responsible for socializing children, regulating sexual activity and reproduction, and provides its members with a social identity (Carroll, 2012). Conflict Theory This macro-level perspective focuses on the negative outcomes of societal norms, such as social inequality, and seeks to address and redress the aspects of society that perpetuate these undesirable norms. Carroll (2012) explains that this theory grew out of the works of Marx and Engels who believed that revolution was a necessary step for transforming a capitalist social order that enslaved the working class (the proletariat) to the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) and perpetuates poverty and misery for the enslaved. The primary conflict according to Marx and Engels is based on perpetuating social norms within a class system that benefits one class over another. Conflict theorists examine how the family unit is also an institution that perpetuates inequality, by reinforcing patriarchy, between members of the family and seeks to find solutions to reduce or eliminate these innate inequalities. Feminist theory, in particular, evaluates how gender inequality is perpetuated within the family as children are socialized to fulfil future social, political, and economic roles (Carroll, 2012). Symbolic-Internationalist Theory A micro-perspective paradigm examines the meanings, interpretations, and understandings of the interactions of individuals within a society. While this type of theory does not contribute to evaluating and solving social issues such as poverty, racism, sexism, or social change, it does allow a context for understanding the nature of institutions, such as the family, within the macro-perspective theories. Social order is transmitted through symbols— roles, behaviours, and other social constructions— that are integrated as a result of social interactions (Carroll, 2012). Although this is a micro-theoretical paradigm, understanding the interactions, communication, symbols, and expectations could contribute to alleviating the clash between the two macro-level theories. Understanding what works and what does not work permits opportunities to change or delete the aspects of family or family dynamics that contributes to inequality, without dismantling the entire institution and causing complete social upheaval. The Changing Nature of Family O’Neill (2002) evaluates the â€Å"fatherless family† and provides ample statistics to show that the breakdown of the traditional family of father,  mother, and offspring— due to increasing divorce and out-of-wedlock reproduction— is correlated with poverty, emotional, psychological, and heath problems, and interaction problems with children for lone mothers; health issues or increased engagement in high risk behaviours for non-resident fathers; poverty, deprivation, school troubles, more health problems, and increased risk of abuse for children who do not live with their biological fathers. Her conclusion that these issues are the result of the breakdown of the family is an example of functionalist theory. She suggests that the outcomes are the result of the social breakdown of a vital social institution. A conflict theorist would more than likely suggest a different reason for the observed dysfunctions outlined by O’Neill (2002). The symbolic-internationalist would provide very specific context of the nature of the interactions within the families described by O’Neill and may find that the dysfunctions are not the result of resistance to socialized norms, but in fact due to conformity. The â€Å"fatherless† family is led by a mother, and she is likely to be subject to societal norms that diminish her ability to earn as much as her male counterparts (increased poverty— which contributes to greater stress, diminished health, deprivation, etc. ). The functionalist would argue that the distressing results found in these families are also necessary outcomes, as society must not reward those who seek to disrupt the social order. This functionalist attitude is very evident in current American political discourse as a number of far right-wing conservative politicians are introducing and passing legislation that reflects their fundamentalist Christian ideals in which patriarchal values that limit the â€Å"individual aspirations† of women to control their own reproduction. The traditional family consists of a bread-winning father and a home-making mother, an ideal that is held sacrosanct by this group of legislators. The conflict theorist, by contrast, seeks to discover the constructs in society and within the family that cause the inequalities, rather than to blame the inequalities on those who are trapped by them for not conforming to the functionalist ideals. Families are continuing to evolve— at least the definition is— in that there is increasing acceptance— both social and legal— for families in which the primary adults are a same-sex couple, either with or without offspring. The battle of ideologies still rages on in the United States, although an increasing number of states  have extended legal status to families of this type. In Canada, the Civil Marriage Act was passed in 2005 and after a brief re-vote in 2007— which defeated the Conservative motion to restore the traditional definition of marriage— marriage equality became a non-issue (politically) when the prime minister announced his government would not bring it up again (Makarenko, 2007). Family as a Societal Institution The family serves a functional purpose in society in that it provides the environment for producing, nurturing, and socializing the next generation. However, the nature of family has changed significantly and some of the new styles of families— single parent families, cohabiting unions, same-sex intimate partnerships, egalitarian marriages, and blended families— contradict the societal norms representative in a traditional patriarchal family. Cherlin (2004) explains that the â€Å"weakening of social norms that define partners’ behaviour† has deinstitutionalized marriage. The political and religious backlash is indicative of the conservative functionalist view of social stability being reliant upon maintaining the status quo. In fact, these conservatives are holding many of societies ills (e.g. , increased crime, debilitating poverty, sexual promiscuity, etc. ) as evidence that society is breaking down and traditional norms must be re-established in order to preserve order. The conflict theorists would argue that social norms are, in fact, the source of the dysfunctions in society. The solution is somewhere in between. The social norms that define family as an institution are likely problematic. The aspects of family that support and nurture intimate partners and children are vital to our continued well-being. In fact research suggests that the â€Å"symbolic significance† of marriage is still valued by individuals (Cherlin 2004). Family as a refuge, a safe place to grow, learn, and achieve, is an ideal that inspires us, but family as a tool of the state to perpetuate inequity is what makes it an institution. The functionalists are correct, the institutions are failing, but a new family paradigm is emerging. Family is more about the relationships and what members of families can do for each other, rather than what the unit can do for the state. Burgess and Locke (1945) argued that the family is moving away from â€Å"institution† and moving toward â€Å"companionship†. Perhaps it is time to let go of the functionalist  definition and embrace the research of the social internationalists â€Å"to understand the other person’s symbols and meanings†¦ [and] approach common ground† (Hammond, 2009). Inglehart and Baker (2000) found evidence in their World Values Surveys— that included 65 societies that represented 75 percent of the world’s population— that religious and traditional values continue to leave an imprint upon cultures but economic development is â€Å"associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory.† Conclusion The modern definition of family is much too diverse to fit the functionalists’ traditional paradigm as an institution designed to perpetuate social norms in order to maintain social stability. Some modern families are examples of contradictory norms and are held up as examples by conservatives as the very reason society is on the brink of chaos. However, it is unlikely that society is in fact in danger of a complete breakdown. The new families are actually indicative of a society that is moving into a new paradigm where diversity is embraced. Family is still valued and supported, but not as an institution that perpetuates social norms, but as a function that supports individual growth and security. The nature of this societal grouping is one of affection and security for all its members and as such will remain important and as long as families— of all types— are supported and sustained by society and by its members, the larger community will also benefit with the same stable society that the functionalists so adamantly wish to preserve. How to cite Sociological Theories About The Modern Family, Essays

Sexual Development and Orientation Paper

Table of Contents Introduction Sexual Development Hormones and Sexuality Environmental and Sexual Orientation Conclusion References Introduction The study of sexual development and orientation has attracted much attention in the field of psychology due to the emergence of aberrant sexual orientations like gay, lesbian, asexual, and bisexual predilections. Psychological study on the forces underlying sexual development and orientations has led to the formulation of diverse theories ranging from biological to the environmental. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexual Development and Orientation Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Hammack (2005), â€Å"†¦sexual orientation continues to be intellectually fragmented along disciplinary lines, primarily due to the divergent epistemological, methodological, and meta-theoretical perspectives† (p.267). The divergent perspectives to gether with the transformation of society significantly change the sexual orientations of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals because the current society recognizes their rights more than in the past. Many psychological theories regarding sexual development hold that human nature and nurture are the two main factors that determine sexuality in an individual. Therefore, what are the biological and environmental factors that determine sexual development and orientation in human? Sexual Development Sexual development involves organizational and activational stages of differentiation that occur during pregnancy and adolescence respectively. At birth, primary sexual characteristics differentiate gender due to difference in external and internal sex organs. â€Å"All these structural differences result from a system of ducts, which release hormones, which in turn affect internal structures, which are stimulated to differentiate into characteristically male or female organs† (Hall, 1998, p. 1). When a baby is born, the gonads are undifferentiated but after about four months, sexual differentiation begins to occur in the gonads. In males, gonads differentiate into testes while in females gonads differentiate into ovaries. This differentiation completes the development of primary sexual characteristics. The testes and ovaries are the sex organs that are responsible for the productions of hormones that determine the secondary sexual characteristics in adolescence. The differentiation of gonads during early childhood forms the basis of development of the secondary sexual characteristics during adolescence.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During early childhood, the sexual process of sexual development is latent due to lack of hormonal expressions essential for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The sexual development characteristics become e vident at the ages between 11-13 for girls and 12-14 for boys. This is an activational stage in sexual development since activation of hormones occurs. Hall argues that, â€Å"†¦at adolescence, a series of events takes place referred to as the activational effects of hormones, which result in secondary sex characteristics and process begins in the hypothalamus, which affects the pituitary gland, testes and ovaries† (1998, p.3). Activation of hormones occurs in a cascading manner where stimulation of the hypothalamus leads to the secretion of gonadtropic releasing hormone, which in turn stimulates pituitary gland to release gonadtropic hormone. Gonadotropic hormone then acts on the ovaries and testes simulating them to release estrogen and testosterone respectively. The two hormones, estrogen, and testosterone are responsible for the maturation of the secondary sexual characteristics during adolescence. Hormones and Sexuality Hormonal effects during adolescence are res ponsible for development of sexual orientations such as homosexuals, heterosexuals, asexual and bisexuals. Normal secondary sexual characteristics in male are deepening of voice, broadening of shoulders and experiences of wet dreams. On the other hand, female secondary sexual characteristics involve widening of hips, experiences of menstruation and enlargement of breasts. The different orientations of the secondary sexual characteristics are due differing hormonal levels. The two primary hormones that determine the orientation of secondary sexual characteristics are estrogens and testosterones, which are female and male hormones respectively. â€Å"Sex hormones have direct influence on the physiology and morphology that is why male and female bodies are differently shaped and work somewhat differently at a biological level† (Rogers, 2000, p.25). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexual Development and Orientation Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This explains the secondary sexual characteristics that occur differentially at puberty. In addition to estrogen, females have extra hormones like progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone that are involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle until menopause. The physiology of the brain seems to have sexual orientation due to the differing hormonal effects. Even though there are other morphological and biological differences between the male brain and the female brain, the hormonal interaction with the brain gives a physiological difference. The ability of the testosterone, which is a male sexual hormone, to enter into the brain and the inability of the estrogen not to enter into the brain provides physiological difference of the brains. Rogers (2000) explains that, â€Å"although estrogen is produced by the females’ ovaries in the development, it never gets into the brain, because it binds with the alpha-fetoprotein and as a result cannot pass into the brain† (p.26). Unlike estrogen in females, testosterone in males cannot bind to the alpha-fetoprotein and it readily enters into the brain and undergoes aromatization process, which converts it into estrogen thus activating the medial preoptic area in the brain. The activation of the medial preoptic area of the brain in males and inactivation in females makes difference in physiological and morphological aspects of the brain. Environmental and Sexual Orientation Evolutionary psychologists supports that environmental factors play a role in sexual development and sexual orientations. Hammack argues that, â€Å"sexual lifestyles are the culturally specific erotic ideas and emotions that constitute the life-course development within a particular sexual culture, which control sexual behavior and conduct† (2005, p. 275). Therefore, cultural environments have the potential to influence sexual development a nd orientations, depending on cultural sexual lifestyles embraced by the society. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, recognition of homosexuals’ rights in the United States of America has tremendously increased the number of homosexuals, proving that sexual lifestyles in the cultural environment have significant effect on the sexual orientation of the individual members in the society. In the family level, research studies has shown that children who experience tough parenting times such as divorced parents, separated parents or missed parental love are more likely to become homosexuals in future. Numerous research studies have found out that, â€Å"there is substantive evidence to supporting that the nature of parenting, early childhood experiences, sexual abuse, or other adverse life play significant role in the formation of a person’s fundamental heterosexual or homosexual orientation† (Hammack, 2005, p. 277). There is a strong correlation between intact or stable families with the heterosexual marriages of the kids. Hence, family is a microenvironment that im poses primary influence on the sexual orientation of the kids. Conclusion Sexual development and orientation has puzzled many psychologists and biologists in the light of emerging aberrant sexual orientations such as lesbianism, gay, bisexual, or asexual. Despite the fact that biological studies clearly stipulate sexual orientations, the understanding of the deviant sexual orientations demands psychological studies in order to shed more light concerning psychological aspect of these ‘abnormalities.’ Many research studies have attributed anomalies of sexual orientations to genetic, hormonal, cultural, and social factors, which act together in determination of sexual orientations. References Hall, R. (1998). Sexual Development. Developmental Psychology Journal, 1-10. Hammack, P. (2005). The Life Course Development of Human Sexual Orientation: An Integrated Paradigm. The Human Development, 48. 267-290 Rogers, W. (2000). The Psychology of Gender and Sexuality. Buckingham: Open University Press. This research paper on Sexual Development and Orientation Paper was written and submitted by user Arturo Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Exhortation

Definition and Examples of Exhortation An exhortation is a  speech that attempts to encourage, motivate or incite an audience through strong emotional appeals. Here are some examples from famous works. Henry Garnets Address to the Slaves​ Look around you, and behold the bosoms of your loving wives heaving with untold agonies! Hear the cries of your poor children! Remember the stripes your fathers bore. Think of the torture and disgrace of your noble mothers. Think of your wretched sisters, loving virtue and purity, as they are driven into concubinage and are exposed to the unbridled lusts of incarnate devils. Think of the undying glory that hangs around the ancient name of Africaand forget not that you are native-born American citizens, and as such, you are justly entitled to all the rights that are granted to the freest. Think how many tears you have poured out upon the soil which you have cultivated with unrequited toil and enriched with your blood; and then go to your lordly enslavers and tell them plainly, that you are determined to be free. . . .[Y]ou are a patient people. You act as though you were made for the special use of these devils. You act as though your daughters were born to pamper the lusts of your ma sters and overseers. And worse than all, you tamely submit while your lords tear your wives from your embraces and defile them before your eyes. In the name of God, we ask, are you men? Where is the blood of your fathers? Has it all run out of your veins? Awake, awake; millions of voices are calling you! Your dead fathers speak to you from their graves. Heaven, as with a voice of thunder, calls on you to arise from the dust.Let your motto be resistance! resistance! resistance! No oppressed people have ever secured their liberty without resistance. What kind of resistance you had better make, you must decide by the circumstances that surround you, and according to the suggestion of expediency. Brethren, adieu! Trust in the living God. Labor for the peace of the human race, and remember that you are four millions!(Henry Highland Garnet, speech before the National Negro Convention in Buffalo, N.Y., August 1843) Henry Vs Exhortation at Harfleur Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more;Or close the wall up with our English dead!In peace, theres nothing so becomes a man,As modest stillness and humility;But when the blast of war blows in our ears,Then imitate the action of the tiger;Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood,Disguise fair nature with hard-favored rage. Then lend the eye a terrible aspect;Let it pry through the portage of the head,Like the brass cannon; let the brow oerwhelm itAs fearfully as doth a galled rockOer hang and jutty his confounded base,Swilled with the wild and wasteful ocean.Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide;Hold hard the breath, and bend up every spiritTo his full height! On, on, you noble English,Whose blood is fet from fathers of war-proof!Fathers, that, like so many Alexanders,Have, in these parts, from morn till even fought,And sheathed their swords for lack of argument;Dishonor not your mothers; now attest,That those, whom you called fathers, did beget you!Be copy now to men of grosser blood,And teach them how to war! And you, good yeomen,Whose limbs were made in England, show us hereThe mettle of your pasture: let us swearThat you are worth your breeding; which I doubt not;For there is none of you so mean and base,That hath not noble lustre in your eyes.I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, Straining upon the start. The games afoot;Follow your spirit: and, upon this charge,CryGod for Harry! England! and Saint George!(William Shakespeare, Henry V, Act 3, scene 1. 1599) Coach Tony DAmatos Halftime Address to the Players The inches we need are everywhere around us. They’re in every break of the game, every minute, every second. On this team, we fight for that inch. On this team, we tear ourselves and everyone else around us to pieces for that inch. We claw with our fingernails for that inch because we know when we add up all those inches that’s gonna make the . . . difference between winning and losing! Between livin and dyin! I’ll tell you this: In any fight, it’s the guy who’s willing to die who’s gonna win that inch. And I know if I’m gonna have any life anymore, it’s because I’m still willin to fight and die for that inch. Because that’s what livin is! The six inches in front of your face! Now I can’t make you do it. You got to look at the guy next to you. Look into his eyes! Now I think you’re gonna see a guy who will go that inch with you. Youre gonna see a guy who will sacrifice himself for this team because he knows when it comes down to it, you’re gonna do the same for him! That’s a team, gentleman! And, either we heal, now, as a team, or we will die as individuals. That’s football guys. Thats all it is.(Al Pacino as Coach Tony Damato in Any Given Sunday, 1999) ​Parody of Exhortation in Stripes Were all very different people. Were not Watusi. Were not Spartans. Were Americans, with a capital.  A, huh? You know what that means? Do ya? That means that our forefathers were kicked out of every decent country in the world. We are the wretched refuse. Were the underdog. Were mutts! Heres proof: his nose is cold! But theres no animal thats more faithful, thats more loyal, more loveable than the mutt. Who saw Old Yeller? Who cried when Old Yeller got shot at the end? I cried my eyes out. So were all dogfaces, were all very, very different, but there is one thing that we all have in common: we were all stupid enough to enlist in the Army. Were mutants. Theres something wrong with us, something very, very wrong with us. Something seriously wrong with uswere soldiers. But were American soldiers! Weve been kicking ass for 200 years! Were ten and one. Now we dont have to worry about whether or not weve practiced. We dont have to worry about whether Captain Stillman wants to have us hung. All we have to do is to be the great American fighting soldier that is inside each one of us. Now do what I do, and say what I say. And make me proud.(Bill Murray as John Winger in Stripes, 1981)

Primary Government Contract Types

Primary Government Contract Types There are three primary types of government contracts: fixed price, cost reimbursable and time and materials. Fixed price contracts have a negotiated price that remains the same over the life of the contract so the amount you will be paid remains the same. Cost reimbursable contracts involve the government paying for the actual cost to complete the work. Cost reimbursable contracts have a variety of schemes for providing a fee or profit to the contractor. Time and materials contracts have agreed to rates for labor and materials that do not change over the contract and are billed as incurred. Time and materials contracts can have annual escalation rates incorporated in them to reflect increasing costs. Cost Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF) A cost plus incentive fee contract is one where the vendor is reimbursed for costs incurred plus fee based on a formula tied to costs. The fee formula can vary and is normally designed to encourage the contractor to keep costs down. Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF) A cost reimbursement contract where the objectives of the contract are determined to be completed by subjective means. The contractor receives reimbursement for their costs plus the award fee. Cost plus award fee contracts can not be used when cost plus fixed fee or cost plus incentive fee contract would be more appropriate. Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF) A cost plus fixed fee contract reimburses the contractor for the cost incurred to complete the work plus a negotiated fixed fee. The fee does not change based on cost of the work. Cost is calculated based on actual amounts paid for labor and materials plus fringes, overhead and general and administrative rates. Fringe, overhead and general and administrative rates are computed annually and reflect the actual corporate costs. Many government contracts are cost reimbursable. Firm Fixed Price or FFP contracts have detailed requirements and a price for the work. The price is negotiated before the contract is finalized and does not vary even if the contractor needs to expend more or less resources than planned. Firm fixed price contracts require the contractor to manage the costs of the work in order to make a profit. If more work than planned is required then the contractor may lose money on the contract unless a contract modification is obtained. Firm fixed price contracts can also be more profitable if costs are closely managed. Fixed Price Contract With Incentive Fee Target (FPIF) The fixed price contract with incentive fee contract is a firm fixed price type contract (as compared to a cost reimbursable). The fee can vary depending on whether the contract comes in above or below planned cost. These contracts do contain a ceiling price to limit the government’s exposure to cost overruns. Fixed Price With Economic Price Adjustment Fixed price with economic price adjustment contracts are fixed price contracts but they contain a provision to account for contingencies and changing costs. An example is the contract may contain an adjustment for an annual salary increase. Time Materials contracts have rates negotiated before contract award for the cost by labor category and materials. As work is completed the contractor bills against the rates agreed to in the contract regardless of the actual cost. Know which contract type is planned in advance of submitting a proposal as well as during contract negotiations. Knowing the contract type allows you to plan the project and how best to manage it for success. Before a company can get a cost reimbursable contract it must have an approved accounting system.